Stun protocol wireshark

 

Teams media flows connectivity is implemented using standard IETF Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE) procedures. SCOS is the EMEA Wireshark University Certified Training Partner. pcap: STUN client <-> server packet exchange Duplicate of issue #2376 (closed) To upload designs, you'll need to enable LFS and have an admin enable hashed storage. 15. 2 to 0. g. While analyzing the traffic with WireShark, we discovered that more than 90% of the traffic consists of STUN protocol packets. A network packet analyzer presents captured packet data in as much detail as possible. com. From the given below image, you can see a reply from the host machine. In the case in the above question, that means setting the filter to: ip. Sep 30, 2020 · I'd like to analyse STUN attributes from MS teams. . Apr 26, 2023 · In this video, we'll dive into the basics of the STUN protocol - what it is, how it works, and why it's important for real-time communication over the intern Jul 1, 2017 · If you want to filter to only see the HTTP protocol results of a wireshark capture, you need to add the following filter: http. prd. Jun 16, 2015 · STUN is used to resolve the public IP of a device running behind a NAT, to solve problems such as one-way audio during a phone call or phone registration issues when trying to register to a VoIP or an IP PBX residing on a different network. Endpoints. DisplayFilters. Now click Start. 1 - Ethereal 0. 201 and http. 105. A network endpoint is the logical endpoint of separate protocol traffic of a specific protocol layer. 18 Back to Display Filter Reference Apr 25, 2015 · One Answer: 0. Next by Date: [Wireshark-bugs] [Bug 2376] UDP packet (KLive) wrongly dissected as " Redback Lawful Intercept" Previous by thread: [Wireshark-bugs] [Bug 2837] STUN protocol decodes from Client to Server not recognised as STUN; Next by thread: [Wireshark-bugs] [Bug 2838] New: Automatic selection of matching protocol is broken; Index(es): Date; Thread Playing VoIP calls. May 6, 2015 · wireshark-dissector. 76 and 74. Third-party media relays. May 9, 2005 · The Hyper Text Transport Protocol is a text-based request-response client-server protocol. Jul 22, 2010 · Using Wireshark, I captured the traffic for a call between me (private IP address 192. And then check in Wireshark for packets sent to that port. 3) and a remote user in my own network (private IP address 192. There is no well known UDP port for DTLS traffic. 99. Article. IEEE_802. (libpcap itself has an udp filter, but it only understands very few protocols. If you would like permission to edit this wiki, please see the editing instructions page (tl;dr: send us a note with your GitLab account name or request access to the Wiki Editor group using the Gitlab feature). Important. A display filter can either either filter out unwanted data, or Jul 3, 2017 · wireshark. With virtual multipoints, you should also create a stun protocol-group with different numbers for each of the virtual multipoints. The IP protocol is used to transfer packets from one IP-address to another. Display Filter Reference: Session Traversal Utilities for NAT. Network layer (routing): Endpoints. com’, yielding two IP addresses 68. 2. Always make sure that you have configured only one secondary interface per stun-group, unless you are configuring sdlc-tg. The second task consists of updating transport address pair state values and discovering peer-derived candidates. This page describes IP version 4, which is widely used. skype. 0 it supports saving audio using any codec with 8000 Hz sampling. Probably 5060. 729 to T. Unfortunately I cannot upload the result as a text file, I need to have 60 points (???) Apr 19, 2021 · Wireshark is the most well-known, usable and open-source. If LinPhone doesn't use 5060 it might be that Wireshark doesn't recognize the SIP packets and you have tell Wireshark how to decode them, See this stackoverflow answer, but use 'Decode as SIP'. Note: This archive is from the project's previous web site, ethereal. 323 (and probably internally within the Hangout protocols) to Wireshark's STUN/TURN dissector is, as indicated, dissecting the RTP packets as TURN packets. From RFC 5389 Section 15. Steps are below. A. From: bugzilla-daemon [Wireshark-bugs] [Bug 2837] STUN protocol decodes from Client to Server not recognised as STUN Jun 8, 2023 · Once the user answers the call, Wireshark will start displaying the captured data. Is it possible to filter stun packets by info column using this software? Thanks in advance. Public Attributes: wmem_tree_t * Mar 6, 2024 · Wireshark creator Gerald Combs & core developer Roland Knall give an overview of the new Wireshark 4. aria. Click the "gather candidates" button on that page. Note that what makes it work is changing ip. Jan 2, 2018 · Display Filter Reference: Session Traversal Utilities for NAT. Step-1 is performed in ISAKMP phase 1 ( Main Mode ) through the messages one and two as shown below between RTR-Site1 172. Learn cybersecurity with their experienced staff. Wireshark will begin capturing traffic and displaying it as a color coded list in the main window. I'll look at reducing the number of TURN Channel dissectors to 1, to make this less confusing. C++ is the fastest execution but most difficult to learn and use. Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN) is a protocol that serves. If you need a display filter for a specific Messages generated by Wireshark are usually placed in square brackets (“ []”). t-mobile. Install tshark (e. Then it sends out another STUN packet from local port y to gw port x. 16. I compared the three options and learned a bit about them. CVE-2007-0459. May 3, 2016 · So data may be missing due to packet truncation, or there may be some protocol extension unknown to the dissector, or the actual protocol may be a different one than the dissector expects - e. The DNS query response gives us the first clue that Microsoft’s usage of CDN networks has begun to creep into its UC (IC) platform. voice. I use wireshark to capture SMB packets with custom port (44555) due to port forwarding. The Wireshark network protocol analyzer. In the menu to the left, expand protocols. 4. (Bug 1200 ) Versions affected: 0. Jan 31, 2011 · 0. 0/4 reserved network block. You could think of a network packet analyzer as a measuring device for examining what’s happening inside a network cable, just like an electrician uses a voltmeter for examining what’s happening inside an electric cable (but at a higher level, of course). 5 Back to Display Filter Reference Jun 14, 2017 · That’s where Wireshark’s filters come in. May 28, 2015 · One Answer: 0. Step-2: Detects if there is a NAT device along the path. 8b uses port 4433. This is the wiki site for the Wireshark network protocol analyzer. 目的は単純で、本気で WebRTC を使う場合は繋がることが重要になります。. 今回は P2P で繋げなかった場合に利用される TURN というプロトコルの話をします。. 8. Besides the STUN protocol using the filtering technique, the IP addresses’ Geo-Location plays an essential part. The HTTP protocol header is text-based, where headers are written in text lines. According to MTU if the size of the payload is set to 1472 then frame size will become 1514 as explain above, let’s verify it from Wireshark. ICMPv6: Internet Control Message Protocol (version 6): This is a protocol to report common errors and events in the IPv6, TCP and UDP protocols. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. RTP media packets are not normally encapsulated in STUN. 711 codec; from 3. answered Dec 23, 2021 at 7:23. It’s called NAT-Discovery. net. If you encounter this scenario, then using a firewall rule to block the Teams IP subnets or ports from using the VPN should suffice. Protocol field name: stun Versions: 1. We are facing challenges simulating this traffic in Jan 2, 2018 · Display Filter Reference: Session Traversal Utilities for NAT. Since such SMB packets cannot be directly recognized, I then use Decode As function to set packets with tcp port 44555 as NBSS packets. yahoo. This would either require a stronger TURN heuristic or a way to disable the TURN heuristic. Ethereal is decoding only the first interaction. Jun 18, 2015 · 1. These messages might appear in the packet list. Oct 3, 2023 · To use this script effe cti vely, follow these steps: Install Telegram Desktop for Linux or Mac. Look through the list for information related to the STUN protocol, and you'll find the IP address of the user who received the call. wireshark. Wireshark University US. Translator (NAT) traversal. ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol (version 4): This is a protocol to report common errors and events in the IP, TCP and UDP protocols. Wireshark allows you to save decoded audio in . RTP, the real-time transport protocol. skypedata. class==0x0010’ to see all Binding Responses. There can be various reasons: Sep 27, 2017 · Upon application start, Teams initially performs a DNS A record query for: pipe. 223). 142. WebRTC is a free, open project that enables web Jan 2, 2018 · Display Filter Reference: Session Traversal Utilities for NAT. STUN (Session Traversal Utilities for NAT; originally Simple Traversal of User Datagram Protocol (UDP) through Network Address Translators) is a standardized set of methods, including a network protocol, for traversal of network address translator (NAT) gateways in applications of real-time voice, video, messaging, and other interactive Jan 18, 2015 · STUN is Session Traversal Utilities for NAT. This feature exists in Wireshark since version 0. Wireshark allows you to play any codec supported by an installed plugin. When you start typing, Wireshark will help you autocomplete your filter. Jan 3, 2018 · 1. Public Attributes | List of all members _stun_conv_info_t Struct Reference. ) In Wireshark, the "Frame" section has various metadata about the Commit 3a5d0569 added support for different STUN protocol versions; a global preference allows the user to select the desired flavour. addr==192. A Teams media flow (that is Sep 30, 2014 · Analysis of STUN servers listed in the Stop Malvertising report that were employed by malware over the past year revealed that the most popular was stunserver. Sep 11, 2020 · 13730 691 115. 1 contributor. These ZIP files contain profiles that can be added to your Wireshark configuration to speed up troubleshooting and packet analysis in Wireshark. You can either filter as you capture with a capture filter, or in the display with a display filter. a web browser such as Mozilla) performs a HTTP request to a HTTP server (e. Versions affected: 0. Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state. If the IP address family is IPv6, X-Address is computed by taking the mapped IP address in host byte order, XOR'ing it with NetBIOS Name Service (NBNS) This service is often called WINS on Windows systems. Jan 29, 2021 · WebRTC は P2P というイメージをお持ちの方が多いと思います。. But when I wireshark the packets, both streams (RTP packets) look the same. To ensure Teams media traffic is routed via the Oct 10, 2023 · Wireshark is used to calculate the round-trip time on a path to see whether this is the cause of flawed Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) communications network performance. If the request is valid, the endpoint MUST send a Simple Traversal of UDP through NAT (STUN) binding response message, as specified in [IETFDRAFT-STUN-02] section 8, with a subset of its attributes. 4: Low-power wireless networking protocol intended for sensor networks. This list is no longer active. After the setting, most SMB packets are correctly decoded instead of TCP payload. Versions: 1. Hi - I'm sure this question has been asked and answered many times, but I can't find what I'm looking for. You can easily test WebRTC+TURN in isolation using this sample from the WebRTC project. Wireshark University EU. History. The most basic way to apply a filter is by typing it into the filter box at the top of the window and clicking Apply (or pressing Enter). Protocol field name: stun2 Versions: 1. NBNS serves much the same purpose as DNS does: translate human-readable names to IP addresses (e. Wireshark's STUN/TURN dissector is, as indicated, dissecting the RTP packets as TURN packets. Older questions and answers from October 2017 and earlier can be found at osqa-ask. Wireshark Wiki. A HTTP client (e. For example, type “dns” and you’ll see only DNS packets. Remove the default stun server and add the url and credentials for your own TURN server. First note that you're working with Wireshark's display filters, separate (and very different) from libpcap's capture filters. 0 to 1. Step 4: Identifying the IP Address. com I noticed some "Destination unreachable (Port unreachable)" from my computer to my internal DNS server. ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network (digital There are three ways to write a custom dissector for Wireshark: C++; Lua; Wireshark Generic Dissector; Several years ago, I needed to write a dissector for a custom protocol my company uses. 228. 1 and RTR-Site-2 200. An overview of the capture filter syntax can be found in the User's Guide. Sep 20, 2022 · Odder still is the value of the XOR_MAPPED_ADDRESS returned by the STUN server, as it is in the middle of the 240. To easily identify the desired IP address, use the Wireshark search function. The protocol I'm seeing that I don't wish to is NBNS. Here is the console output when the server received an \"expected\" STUN Binding Request. 3 to 0. as soon as an SDP re-negotiation changes the codec from G. Feedback. Yep, that's it. Check the Try to decode RTP outside of conversations checkbox. Voila! Here is a simplified version of how it works: The ICE layer of the LiveSwitch Client SDK gathers all types of candidates that it can. Wireshark uses display filters for general packet filtering while viewing and for its ColoringRules. IGMP: IP multicasting. Figure 4:Main Window of WireShark. ping -l 1472 192. org. This section specifies the processing of Simple Traversal of UDP through NAT (STUN) binding request messages by the two endpoints. May 25, 2018 · For that protocol, the RTP and RTCP dissectors are registered as heuristic dissectors, but the RTP heuristic dissector is disabled by default; you have to enable it manually, by going to Analyze -> Enabled Protocols and enabling the "rtp_stun" dissector. Scroll down to RTP. https://tryhackm \n \n \n. You will need to capture in front of the NAT device. Ethereal recognizes UDP packets as STUN packets if Nov 20, 2023 · Open connectivity to TCP ports 80 and 443, and to UDP ports 3478 (STUN), 3479 (Audio), 3480 (Video), and 3481 (sharing/VBSS) are required. We know that Hangouts uses the STUN, RTP, RTCP and SRTP protocols because it requires having these ports open, and if we decode the data packets, RTP data are obtained. TCP is used in various applications, including online surfing, data transmission, file transfer protocol, and many others. the below window will appear. A complete reference can be found in the expression section of the pcap-filter (7) manual page. 0 to 4. 1) Stop packet capturing from the interface. 6. CVE-2007-0458. The HTTP dissector could crash. Oct 7, 2017 · Now we are sending the maximum size of payload using the following command. pipe. Dec 21, 2023 · In certain scenarios, often unrelated to Teams client configuration, media traffic still traverses the VPN tunnel even with the correct routes in place. It will use the same port as the RTP media packets. So it is expected to have STUN packets in your capture trace. as a tool for other protocols in dealing with Network Address. STUNプロトコルは、アプリケーションがNATの存在と種類とを発見し、リモートホストへのUDP (User Datagram Protocol) 接続にNATが割り当てたグローバルIPアドレスとポート番号とを得ることを許す。STUNプロトコルが動作するには、インターネット上にSTUNサーバが存在 [Wireshark-bugs] [Bug 2837] New: STUN protocol decodes from Client to Server not recognised as STUN. Unfortunately, it is pretty common to have different flavours in the same capture file, or even in the same packet (with STUN messages encapsulated in a TURN tunnel), so a global preference applied to the entire file might not provide enough flexibility. 0. ANNOUNCEMENT: Live Wireshark University & Allegro Packets online APAC Wireshark Training Session Application Data Protocol: Character string: 3. The master list of display filter protocol fields can be found in the display filter reference. I2C: (sometimes IIC) bi-directional two wires bus used in most of embeded system to transfer data. The basics and the syntax of the display filters are described in the User's Guide. Learn tips and tricks from Wireshark guru Chris Greer (Packet Pioneer). UDP: Typically DTLS uses UDP as its transport protocol. You can't tell the public address from behind the NAT Jan 2, 2023 · This might reveal the turn server and the protocol (UDP and TCP endpoints might have different ports) and the credentials used to connect. method==0x0001 and stun. Sep 4, 2015 · Learn how to use Wireshark to track network activity, view specific frame, tcp, ip and http information, view specific packets being sent and received on the Jul 9, 2015 · ANNOUNCEMENT: Live Wireshark University & Allegro Packets online APAC Wireshark Training Session July 17th, 2024 | 10:00am-11:55am SGT (UTC+8) | Online The group that you select in the interface must match the one defined in the protocol-group. On a wired network, it will likely be eth0. and status of this protocol. From: bugzilla-daemon; Prev by Date: [Wireshark-bugs] [Bug 2688] Mojito Protocol Dissestor Plugin; Next by Date: [Wireshark-bugs] [Bug 2837] STUN protocol decodes from Client to Server not recognised as STUN Feb 14, 2019 · The first task is the validation of the STUN binding request message and the generation of the response. 5). Please support my work - see the readme. Wireshark In Wireshark press Shift+Ctrl+p to bring up the preferences window. RTP does not address resource reservation and does not guarantee quality-of-service for real-time services. Fire up wireshark, start capturing. Dec 14, 2023 · community! I'm an intern in the field of load testing, and we are conducting reliability testing on a video conferencing system similar to Skype or Zoom using JMeter. Step 4: Identifying the IP Address To facilitate the identification of the desired IP address, use the search function of Wireshark. Also the UDP port disection would be useful 3479-audio, 3480-video, 3481-desktop sharing/VBSS -> video based Screen Sharing Links / references / protocol specifications Wireshark is able to detect STUN messages and to dissect them for you, so you can use the ‘stun’ filter, or more sophisticated ones like ‘stun. RTP provides end-to-end network transport functions suitable for applications transmitting real-time data, such as audio, video or simulation data, over multicast or unicast network services. our product sends out a STUN packet from local port x to gw port x. After we determined that this packet is STUN packet, our steps will be: Wireshark's STUN/TURN dissector is, as indicated, dissecting the RTP packets as TURN packets. 12. The endpoint statistics of Wireshark will take the following endpoints into account: If you are looking for a feature other network tools call a hostlist, here is the right place to look. Are there any other viable ways to get someone's ip via Steam utilizing Wireshark or a similar program? Voice chat used to communicate using P2P, but Steam Apr 12, 2017 · In the captured packets, the use of the STUN protocol can be seen, and some answers of this protocol points to Google server, which could act as intermediary media server. Candidates are ranked with host > srflx / prflx > relay and UDP > TCP. Wireshark is supported by the Wireshark Foundation . org, which held the greatest lead at 69 samples (6%), with the immediate runner up at 56 samples (5%). The STUN binding response message MUST implement only . See the security advisory for details and a workaround. Click OK. Let's take a look at what filters we can use to solve this room quickly. Jun 8, 2023 · Once the user answers the call, Wireshark will begin displaying the captured data. proto == 'http' to http. It's why this protocol is an adaptation of TLS 1. We first see my IM client do a DNS resolution for Yahoo’s STUN service at ‘beta. [Malformed Packet] Malformed packet means that the protocol dissector can’t dissect the contents of the packet any further. au file format. I'm posting here to ask if the current version of Wireshark has any known bugs or caveats around the capture or display of the CLASSIC-STUN disscetor's XOR_MAPPED_ADDRESS value. 274 7 21. Originally designed for VOIP apps. 233. So you'll be capturing everything, but filtering the displayed list. protocol data is malformed; protocol dissector is buggy; wrong protocol dissector used; It's difficult to say (in a general way) which is the real cause in a given scenario, without looking at the packet data and having some knowledge of the protocol (dissector) involved. CaptureFilters. This was a great room - a bit of a challenge, but we are up for it. stun. Follow-Ups: [Wireshark-bugs] [Bug 2837] STUN protocol decodes from Client to Server not recognised as STUN. Shasi. Feb 14, 2012 · As i am new for using STUN protocol and i need to implement this in our code base. Something is using it on your Windows, and I would scan for malware/viruses as those have been known to use STUN as an exploit: Feb 24, 2020 · A well positioned attacker could easily sniff the STUN password using Wireshark. Hi there, I have 2 camera's both streaming video. 4 Back to Display Filter Reference Jan 2, 2024 · After transfer is finished, we will use Wireshark I/O Graph function to plot the data which will give us the idea of how much bandwidth we used. Then you can use the protocol, destination IP address, port and IP Identification field to correllate the two. However, this doesn't seem to work anymore. asked May 6, 2015 at 9:47. method==0x0001’ to see all Binding Requests and Responses, or ‘stun. 168. 3 Sending the STUN Binding Response. Dec 28, 2021 · NAT Traversal performs two tasks: Step-1: Detects if both VPN Devices RTR-Site1 and RTR-Site2 support NAT-T. 11 dissector could crash. malformed. This question is marked "community wiki". org to 65. this include IPMB protocol. Here is my Wireshark Profiles repository. type. Please provide me a sample captured pcap file and wireshark open source code for the STUN and STUN2 protocols. STUN is common to see in connection setup and as a keep-alive mechanism between nodes of a voip/p2p session. 208. Abstract. \n \n. NBNS runs atop UDP, on port 137, so a capture filter that captures only UDP traffic, and doesn't capture UDP traffic that's NBNS traffic, would be udp && !udp port 137. I can ping my internal DNS server. Two separate CNAME records are returned for this query: pipe. Interoperability restrictions. 5: proto_classicstun = proto_register_protocol("Simple Traversal of UDP Through NAT", "CLASSICSTUN", "classicstun"); /* Required function calls to register the header fields and subtrees used */ This protocol was created to do that which SSL can't : to create a secure protocol under UDP. Make a call to the person whose IP address you wish to discover. Run the provided script. 4 Back to Display Filter Reference Jul 5, 2016 · TURN is a STUN extension so you will only see STUN packets in Wireshark. You could capture on the device with one Wireshark instance, then plug another pc with Wireshark in front of the NAT process. 02/14/2019. I hope wireshark community definitely will help me for my project. If it’s on a non-standard port (anything else than 3478) decode the protocol in Wireshark via a right-click as STUN Mar 29, 2023 · 1. There's also an IPv6 protocol page available. www. 0 release. 2) Go to Statistics menu and click on I/O Graphs. If STUN, TURN, and TURNS services are available, all candidate types are gathered for both UDP and TCP, if at all possible, at all times. Classicstun Wireshark for Steam IP. Here’s an example of captured STUN authentication using Wireshark: An attacker could now perform NAT traversal and potentially create channels to access internal systems from the outside. 3) Now, you will see your bandwidth usage in number of “packets”. I installed Wire Shark on my computer and tried to open https://My. 9. On some systems, the IEEE 802. However, there are still some packets Internet Protocol version 4 (IP) The Internet Protocol provides the network layer (layer 3) transport functionality in the InternetProtocolFamily. Wireshark now has a discord server! Join us to discuss all things packets and beyond! Ask and answer questions about Wireshark, protocols, and Wireshark development. The TCP dissector could hang or crash while reassembling HTTP packets. The classicstun filter is supposed to show the ip of the computer you're pinging for voice chat via Steam. 0, it only supported saving audio using the G. Dec 6, 2019 · If you want to learn more about WebRTC feel free to start our free email course here: https://webrtc. ventures/webrtc-basics-course and our hands on training ANNOUNCEMENT: Live Wireshark University & Allegro Packets online APAC Wireshark Training Session Protocol field name: _ws. 5. akadns. Please file a bug at the Wireshark Bugzilla , and attach a capture file containing the mis-dissected packets. Apr 17, 2023 · Find out which port LinPhone uses for SIP. cloudapp. Table 1 summarizes the malware counts associated respective STUN server usage. OpenSSL v0. DLINK_for_WireShark_Forum. , sudo apt install tshark on Linux or download Wireshark for macOS, which includes tshark). Protocol Jan 1, 2001 · Wireshark is a network packet analyzer. Look for information related to the STUN protocol in the list, and you’ll find the IP address of the user who received the call. 1. 15 is not decoding both of the STUN exchanges. Now perform the steps in Capturing RTP streams section but skip the Decode As steps (2-4). Packet List Messages. - amwalding/wireshark_profiles Wireshark: The world's most popular network protocol analyzer Jul 5, 2014 · The IP address of the STUN packet will be different than the IP address placed in the payload by the STUN server (the address the server sees - usually the NATed address). Using a capture filter you can limit the capture to only your "tracking protocol" by using something distinctive such as a host address or tcp\udp port or a protocol. In the following articles we explain in detail what the STUN protocol is, its purpose, explain STUN I am using Wireshark . They both are listed as RTP (in the protocol column) Though I get RTSP packets from the one camera, it seems to me the RTP packets are not encrypted at all. Wireshark uses the same syntax for capture filters as tcpdump, WinDump, Analyzer, and any other program that uses the libpcap/WinPcap library. Protocol dependencies. 38 dissector to any UDP packet to/from the media Ethereal-dev: [Ethereal-dev] STUN protocol dissector. Prior to version 3. The NetBIOS Name Service is part of the NetBIOS-over-TCP protocol suite, see the NetBIOS page for further information. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. the Apache HTTP server ), which in return will issue a HTTP response. HSR: High-availability Seamless Redundancy: A protocol for network redundancy. If you can’t find the data in burp start looking at Wireshark to identify the traffic. In many cases, the operating system can be Feb 14, 2019 · 3. Figure 3:Screen shot to start wireshark. 2: If the IP address family is IPv4, X-Address is computed by taking the mapped IP address in host byte order, XOR'ing it with the magic cookie, and converting the result to network byte order. そして、トラブルシューティングを Nov 24, 2015 · 3. If the client knows it external (NATed) IP address, it can use that information in protocols like SIP and H. Click on the network interface you want to use to capture the data. One should be streaming SRTP and the other RTP. 38, Wireshark starts applying a T. Please file a bug at the Wireshark Bugzilla, and attach a capture file containing the mis-dissected packets. yb jx ib aa zf fy lg iu px xc